英国留学生essay写作中如何提升论证充分性?

在进行essay写作的时候,你是否偶尔感觉到,除了观点本身,就没话说了。写来写去,都在说同一个意思。今天小编分享的小技巧,就能帮你提升论证充分性,让你的essay有理有据,超有说服力。需要essay代写请记得找我!其他话今天不想多说了…

1 引言

一篇好的作文,有两个核心要素,一个是有切题的论点,一个是有充分的论证。

对于前者,即便是5 段式的文章,不过就需要三个分论点,想到应该不难。

但是后者却常常比较让人捉急。有的时候,为了凑到篇幅,我们不断的重复说一个内容,而没有真正去展开。或者看似写了一些论证的内容,却总感觉不如范文读起来有说服力。

其实,大部分强有力的论证,是有迹可循的,可以通过“玩点手段”,让观点读起来很有道理。

当然,今天的分享有一个前提条件,就是你想到了基础的论点和基本的论据。如果脑袋一片空白,建议大家先去累积思路和素材。

2 正文

要想让我们支持的观点更加有说服力,我们可以尝试从下面 5 点去努力:

1. 加论点

说得越多,不一定说得越有说服力,但是说得很少,一般很难达到目的。如果你支持的观点,只有单薄的一个论点,短短的一个小段,而 others 的观点反而有好几个,自然很难使文章读起来“很有道理”。

要想增加支持论点的篇幅,我们可以尝试:

再写一段支持的理由

也许单独 PK,我们支持的角度不能完胜反面,但是,我们用人头取胜,2个支持段,1个让步段,自然优点是大于缺点的(至少数量上大于)。

并列分论点

有的时候,原本想到的主题句,角度比较小,确实写不长,可以考虑在同一段内,通过 also/ beside/ another point to consider is that 等,并列一个相关但不完全一样的论点。二合一的效果一般大于单打独斗

比如,在是否应该公交完全免费的题目中,我们的缺点段写到政府费用昂贵的问题,但是,怎么写都不够长,我们可以在同一段中,继续补充:这也会导致另一个问题,即车内拥挤。

例文片段如下:

…. This policy would also likely lead a separate problem of overcrowding. ….

但是,记得,一段里面有多个论点并列的话,段首的主题句要改一下,写得更泛:

XX had many benefits/ there are several reasons to support this view/ people have raised a number of objections to the proposed changes,

或者把两个分论点都涵盖到:… could benefit both individuals and society.

多次论证

任何一个观点,都可以用很多不同的论证方法去论证。有些可以解释一下原因,有些可以举出具体的例子。

所以,除了只写一个原因,一个例子之外,我们为什么不多写几个?比如,两个原因,两个例子,或者原因+ 例子,或者前因 + 后果,等等。

这样,即使每单次的论证不是很有说服力,多次叠加之后,就可以撑起一个强有力的段落了。

比如,在是否应该允许员工在家工作的题目中,我们想到,很多情况下,都是大有好处的。已经写了一个情况,如果周末有突发状况处理,就不用浪费时间去单位一趟了。

发现论证不够充分,我们可以继续举更多的例子,比如:生病的人可以在家养病,同时兼顾工作,带孩子的人可以更多陪伴家人。

例文片段如下:

…. If an employee has a bad cold, there is no need to come into work and spread it to others, and also no need to take the entire day off. He/ she can have a relatively relaxing day at home and still complete the key elements of jobs. Parents with young children of course greatly appreciate the ability to work from home, as it not only saves them daycare costs but also allows them to spend more time with their children. ….

又比如,在学历对于找工作是否重要的题目中,我们认为学历体现出一个人的能力,写到了一个原因:专业技能对很多工作的重要性。

如果希望段落更有说服力,我们可以举一些例子,比如医生这样的职业,高学历和专业度紧密相关。或者,我们可以并列一个原因:文凭不仅体现专业能力,还体现学习能力。

例文片段如下:

…. If someone has gone through university and got a good degree, regardless of the subject, it suggests that they are a person who is able to learn new skills, can work to deadlines and has a degree of basic intelligence.

2. 加细节

任何时候,要想论证更加有力,都可以强化细节的描述。每次写到类似 problems/ skills/ activities 等比较抽象的复数集合名词的时候,我都会忍不住问自己:具体是什么问题,什么技能,什么活动呢

你可以在后面直接 such as 罗列一些名词,或者把这每个问题、技能、活动,单独写出来,这样既增加了篇幅,也增加了说服力。比如:

比如,在犯罪分子是否应该固定刑罚的话题中,我们认为,要根据情况而定,除了写,有很多影响因素之外,我们可以列举出具体的罪行和其可能的影响因素。

例文片段如下:

…. Take murder for example, the offender could have been provoked, they may have reacted in a moment of passion, or perhaps they had been plotting it for moths. One set of sentence won’t be appropriate for these very different circumstances, even if they could all be classed as murder.

又比如,在传统文化是否应该商业化的题目中,我们除了泛泛地说:很多文化遗产通过商业化得到很好的保护之外,还可以举出某一个传统方式因为开发旅游项目得到发展的例子,从而增加论点的可信度。

例文片段如下:

…. Some have given the example of Turkish baths. This is a practice that fell out of favour with young Turks a long time ago, something that would otherwise spell the end for many of the traditional bath houses. However, the bath houses are thriving and the cultural practice is still very alive, mostly due to the large number of tourists who visit them.

不用担心给出专有名词老师不知道,就怕不给专有名词,反而会让论证显得空洞,比如上面例文切片中的“土耳其浴”,虽然我们不知道具体是干嘛的,但是我们还是可以理解意思。

又比如,我之前给出的示范:

原文:

Finally, it is widely believed that some artistic outputs have contributed to the tourism of a country. There are holidaymakers who visit a country so they can witness a painting, sculptures or any artistic masterpiece. To illustrate, the painting of Juan Luna “ the Spolarium” in the Philippines has lured a considerable number of foreign visitors. This is because the painting depicts the suffering of most Filipinosat the time of Spaniard regime, which becomes a historical event in the country.

其中 Juan Luna 、 “ the Spolarium” 、 Spaniard regime 都是专有名词,我完全不知道啥意思,但是,不影响我认同作者的观点。

对比于没有这么具体的细节,加上之后,反而更加有说服力,不信,你可以自己感受一下:

删除专有词之后:

…. To illustrate, the painting of some local events has lured a considerable number of foreign visitors. This is because the painting depicts the suffering of people in the history of the Philippines.

3. 作对比

正面的论述写到没话说了,我们就写反面。

一种是写同类事物的缺点,反衬我们所支持的方法的优点

比如,在是否一定要上大学的题目中,我们支持早点出去工作,可以累积更多的实用技能。如果要强化论证,我们可以反向强调一下,大学的知识更多是理论化的,和实际脱节,学生拿到一个好文凭,却不能把工作做好。

例文片段如下:

…. Comparatively, the knowledge imparted in the university courses is quite theoretical, and it is not uncommon to see that a youngster holding a bachelor or even a master degree cannot deal with practical issues in the job.

另一种方法,可以反向假设不这么做的缺点,也是为了反衬自己支持角度的优势。

比如,在大学生是否要参加课外活动的文章中,我们认为,这个经历对找工作很重要。顺着说写不长的话,可以尝试反着说:如果只有文凭,雇主会觉得他们缺少生活经历。

例文片段如下:

…. If a student graduates from university with nothing more than the degree certificate, employers are likely to feel that they are lacking in life experience and are too one-dimensional.

4. 抓典型

再多的道理,有的时候,不一定比一个最典型例子来得生动有力。当我们把这个论点紧密相关的,最有可能受到影响的对象点出来,往往更加一目了然。

especially/ in particular/ particularly/ this is especially true in …

比如,在是否应该去偏远地方开采石油的题目中,我们写到这对环境有破坏,可以特别提到最原始的地区:极地。因为那儿完全没有被开采过,人类的活动会造成永久性伤害。

例文片段如下:

…. A leaking oil rig can cause severe damage to marine life for thousands of miles and given the remote location clean-up operations are extremely difficult. This is especially true in Arctic region, where some oil companies have begun operating. A major oil spill in such pristine waters would be catastrophic, and the damage could be permanent.

另外一种抓典型的方法,就是设想一些极端情况,把恶果无限放大,使得段落读起来很有道理

In some extreme cases/ to make matters worse/ in the worst-case scenario

比如,在父母和学校是否应该严格管教孩子的题目中,我们想到,缺少管教的孩子,会为所欲为,做一些不正当的事情。为了加强论证,我们可以说,他们甚至可能被不良信息诱导,从而犯罪。

例文片段如下:

…. Given that young children are immature, they don’t necessarily understand the consequences of their actions. So they are highly impressionable and can be easily led astray by older criminals in some extreme cases.

5. 推未来

很多事情,短期来看,平淡无奇,似乎不值得一提。但是,一旦拉长时间轴,很多问题、或者是好处就自然现形了

这需要我们把前面的论证,继续往后推导一下,才能让读者看到这其中的巨大潜力。

In the long term/ after growing up/ in the future/ in adult life/ it is foreseeable that

比如,在孩子是否应该被鼓励竞争的文章中,我们会:

分析竞争的好处,举一些相关例子,比如通过公布排名,表扬成绩优异者,让所有人更加努力。(如何发现写到这里,篇幅还是不够)我们可以进一步推导,这个对他们的成年生活有好处,现在人才市场竞争激烈,容不下伤不起的人。

例文片段如下:

…. If children are always shielded from the feeling of failure, whether it be in the classroom, sports field or elsewhere, then it is hardly the ideal preparation for adult life. The modern job market is highly competitive and there is little room for those who struggle to deal with setbacks.

又比如,如果我们认为,合作意识更重要,在常规论证之后,也可以在段末做类似的推导:如果小时候总是被鼓励要打败对手,有些人在长大后会很难在工作中与同事合作。

例文片段如下:

…. It is also worth considering the psychological implications of children spending their early years in constant competition. After growing up always being encouraged to beat one’s peers, some might find it difficult to cooperate effectively with colleagues at work.

3 结语

以上是我们今天为大家整理的,如何使论证更加有说服力的5个小方法。下次写作的时候,千万不要重复一个论点或者一个意思,而是把每个论点都充分展开,这才是“议论文”——论证能力的终极体现。

上面的方法,都是在已经有观点和部分基础论证的前提下,提升论证充分性的方法。如果本身的基础论证都无法做到,还是要多看范文,学习甚至死记硬背其中的较好观点和论证手法。对于essay写作还有相关疑问的同学可以联系我们的客服!现旗下写手超过400名,海龟硕博占据50%以上,更多写手资源正在火热招募中。以质量为根本,诚信服务,严格执行双重审稿与检测,保证每一篇稿子都是精心原创并符合学科的需求,保障了留学生论文作业的通过率。