想要写好英国Argumentative Essay?几个核心知识点告诉你!

当今世界,有无数的争论主题:全球变暖,性少数平权等,快速时尚对环境的影响,个人隐私等等。作为学生,我们该如何表达自己的观点并带来改变呢?从前大学不仅仅是知识的殿堂,更是一个非常重要的交流平台,所以老师布置各式各样的论文写作时,学生们就有机会在某个主题上表达立场。在英文学术写作形式中, argumentative essay (议论文)是表达同学们个人想法的最好方式。但你们知道argumentative essay怎么写?以下 essay代写小编将为大家介绍议论文的结构特点,常见的议论文题目, argumentative essay格式的类型,以及写作套路,同时也为大家提供一个真正的 argumentative essay范本,帮助大家更好地理解议论文是如何书写的。

 

Argumentative Essay是什么?

Argumentative Essay中文译名为“论证性论文”,也可称为“议论文”,是一种极具理论性的写作形式。相对于其它 essay类型, argumentative essay旨在表达作者对某一问题或事物的个人立场和态度。对论文主题进行评述时,作者一定要提出 thesis statement (论文陈述),并运用真实可靠的论证和推理来证明。该组织的基本需求如下:

简洁论点 (是你的主张,你的个人态度);
论据恰当 (必须具有实际意义,与主题和你的论点相关);

具有逻辑性的论证。

议论文结构:三种Argumentative Essay格式
事实上,“议论文”有很多种形式,每一个学生都能找到适合自己写作风格的议论文。比方说,我们可以先提出一个论点,然后用故事式的讨论来支持这个论点,分析它的对与错。亦可从两种不同的论据入手,运用比较的方法对相反的论据进行正误判断,从而在结论中归纳出自己的观点。假如您刚接触英文写作,我建议您从议论文三个主要模式开始练习 argumentativeessay写作:

Classical Argument

本 argumentativeessay式源于亚里士多德的辩证理论,旨在通过说服别人来赢得辩论。要证明自己观点绝对正确,小伙伴们写文章需要遵循以下六个要素:

吸引读者的注意力提出大家关心的问题,为你的论点打好基础;
讨论背景问题,也就是为解决问题而展开的辩论,我们应该知道什么?
以第一步和第二步中提供的资料为基础,提出自己的观点并说明下面要讲的内容;
提供论据和论证;
大家都应该考虑对方的论点。所以第五议论文的要素就是反驳对方的论点,这样做可以避免论点过于主观。
把最重要的信息归纳出来。再来看一遍,使读者接受你的论点。

接下来,我以简单英文对话展示议论文的classical argument模型:

Lucia! (第一,引起注意力)
Stop teasing your sister. She had a tough day at dancing class. (第二,背景)
If I hear you gloat about getting a lead role in the play one more time, you are going to be punished. (第三,论点)
In the past 20 minutes you have mentioned it three times already. She is crying in her room. She knows that youll be Elza in winter play. You are just being mean (第四,论据)
I know she never misses a chance to tease you with her straight A on math too, but you have to set a good example for her (第五,反驳对方的论点)
If you say one more thing about that winter play, I will put you in timeout. I dont care if we are in a supermarket and your friends are watching. (第六,归纳和总结)

Toulmin Argument

这种argumentative essay格式最适合学术写作,也不算简单。英国哲学家Stephen Toulmin提出的论辩框架如下:

论证:就像我们通常写的主题句一样,是我们的观点和立场;
论据:统计学、常识性和经验性观察等用来支持论点;
保证:可以被看作是一条理论规则,它保证论点可以支持论点;
保证补强成分:是论点推理规则的补强成分和附加成分;
限定:限定主张成立的条件;
例外:指出反例。

让我们看一个简单的Toulmin格式的议论文例子:

Lucia, I know that last time you took a shower on Monday. Its Thursday now.(论据);
You need to take a shower. (论点);
You are starting to get stinky. Your hair is looking very messy. (保证);
Birds will build a nest in your hair if it isnt clean and brushed. You also will get known as a stinky girl at school. (保证补强成分);
I know that Dad always says that you smell like cinnamon and sugar, but you are getting a little ripe. (限定);
You are doing great in school and you behave, but you still have to take a shower.(例外)。

Rogerian Argument

美国心理学家卡尔·罗杰斯曾经在今天启发了辞修学家,他们创造了一种新的辩证方法,即先要充分理解对方的观点,然后再提出自己的观点。罗杰里安的 argument必须包含几个主要因素:

介绍所需要解决的问题:

对对方观点进行概括时,尽量避免语言感情色彩,以示对对方观点的尊重;
认可对方观点的合理性你会同意哪一种相反观点?有什么论点可以和别人分享呢?

清晰地提出自己的论点;

说明所持观点的情景。找出在哪些情况下你的观点是100%正确的,以表明和承认别人最有可能不会总是赞同你的观点,相反,这可能是一个和别人达成一致的机会;
把你的意见带来的好处列出来。要表明,别人可以从你的声明中获益,从而使你的结尾充满希望和乐观的语调。

Rogerian argument简单的例子如下所示:

Lucia, you still havent finished your homework. (提出所存在的问题);
I know that you really want to go out and eat that chocolate ice-cream. (概括对方的论据);
If you had all of your homework done, you could go and play as much as you want (承认对方观点合理性);
At this moment, I need you to finish your homework. When you are done, you can have some ice-cream. (阐述你的立场);
Ill fill in a bowl with ice-cream and put it in the fridge for you, so you can eat it as soon as you finish. (描述你观点的情景);
When you finish your homework, you can go out until bedtime, and you will have good grades in school. (对方能够受到的益处)。

Argumentative Essay怎么写:写作技巧的解析

除了argumentative essay格式和结构之外,同学们也不妨掌握一些写作技巧。这些技巧可以归纳为以下三个方面:

清晰的论点

为了使读者能够理解一篇 argumentative essay并抓住重点,学生们一定要用清楚易懂的论点。论据是文章的核心和基础,论据的提出和放置对于 essay的写作至关重要。在读者或指导老师能够很容易地找到你的论点之后,他们倾向于沿着你的写作思路继续阅读,并对文章的印象和评分都会大大提高。一般而言,论证应该放在第一段的末尾或主体段落的开头。

对立观点的恰当使用(反驳)

与仅仅证明自己支持某个观点和立场的文章相比,详细阐述支持某个观点和反对某个观点的 essay往往更有说服力。前一种写作方式比较单一,后一种写作方式比较详细具体。因此,留学生在撰写论证性论文时,不妨加一个相反的观点。自然,这就要求我们事先研究清楚对立的观点是什么,哪些存在的证据和事实能够使我们充分辩论。对读者来说,我们应该说清楚,为什么对立的观点错误或脆弱。

语言与文字的运用

写论证性论文时,要注意人称与数的关系。由于辩论性的论文或散文具有极强的理论性,并且将大量已有的事实、研究或资料作为论文的理论支撑,所以写作的语言就显得尤为重要。第三人称单数我们需要用,当然有些句子还可以用被动式,等等。

Argumentative Essay范文欣赏

接下来我们具体来欣赏一篇argumentative essay范文:

以上便是议论文例子的全部内容,其实我们不难看出这是一篇典型的Toulmin格式的这是一件有趣的事情。笔者在引言部分先以类似提问的方式引出本文所要探讨的主题,然后以正文的第一段(论文的第二段)为例,阐述了以往适应不同文化背景的一些方法。在第二段正文中,作者提出了自己的观点和论据:适应不同文化的最有效的方法就是充分准备,并且解释原因。文章第三段对此观点进行了反驳,并对人们可能对此观点提出的质疑进行了反驳。用否定加否定的形式,从另一个角度证明其观点是正确的。本文最后一部分是总结部分,再次强调了观点,并对全文进行了总结和概括。

如何选择醒目的议论文题目?

你的议论文题目需要是debatable(值得辩论),以便你可以找到它的论点和反论点。 比如说,People needs air to breathe;的话题并没有什么值得辩论的,但Students dont need homework to succeed”可能会有效。
另外,论文题目应该具有说服力,有有力的证据,至少有两种相反的观点,并且用说服性语言写出论文,这样读者就可以看到问题的两个方面,并接受自己喜欢的观点。
最好选你感兴趣的题目。整理好你的论点,并列出你将用来论证的要点。此外,你还需要列出你论点的反面论点,并收集证据。两个不同的方面需要在你的论文中加以描述,但是要努力证明你的论点是唯一正确的。
您的任务不仅仅是提供关于某事的一般性信息,还需要鼓励读者继续讨论这个主题。您需要找到一种能扩大人们视野、让他们从新的角度看问题的方式。Argumentative Essay是关于覆盖硬币(主题)的两面。比如:

George Clooney is the most handsome actor. (有人会不同意时,你几乎找不到足够可信的证据来证明或反对这一事实)

Rare animals are in danger today. (这是事实,这里没有什么可以辩论的)

People need marijuana for better health. (你可以找到该主题的论点和反论点)

Positive features of communism.

Why Equal Rights Amendments for women failed. 其首要目标并非说服读者支持你的观点(though it would be great!),相反,要显示这个主题值得讨论。

选择debatable议论文题目的窍门如下:

请选择您了解并且能表达您观点的主题。
避免难以辩论的话题。
想想你的读者:谁会看你的论文?她们是怎么看这个问题的?
她们会有兴趣讨论这个话题吗?
要保证自己有足够的事实和证据来支持论点和反论点。
不要用情绪化的话题。清楚的讨论这些问题是很困难的。
不怕冒险:试着讨论别人会回避的话题。

头脑风暴:你们有没有遇到别人觉得忌讳的问题?有没有和别人讨论过有争议的话题?为何无法在论文中讨论这些话题?

 

可以参考议论文题目的列表

要让 argumentative essay获得成功,它的主题必须是辩论性的,而非说明性的。意思是说你不应该选择常识或者过于宽泛的观点。想想看,政治,性别问题,气候变化,教育辩论,文化,动物权利或者宗教。

教育(Education)

What educational system is better: teacher- or student-centered one?
Pros and cons of classical education in schools.
Do we need sports activities in college or let it be for academic purposes only?
How does gender affect education?
Does homeschooling make children less educative than their peers from traditional schools?
Why U.S. education is weaker than in other countries?
Should students be friends with their professors?
Why students with special needs shouldnt be taught separately?

技术(Technologies)

Why we still need paper books in the Internet era?
How online money change the way people do business worldwide?
The influence of artificial intelligence creation on evolution.
Do technologies destroy our language and physical communication?
Can we live without smartphones today?
How social media networks become news makers and what the consequences might be?
Should parents control their kids use of the Internet?
Is there a risk that robots at work will lead to the enormous jobless rate?

体育(Sports)

Do elite sportsmen deserve their enormous income?
Why colleges spend so much money on sports programs?
Do sports have any effect on students academic level?
Should sports bets be banned from the industry?
Why we continue shaming cheerleaders for what they do?
What to do with a salary gap in male and female sports?
Chess is a real sport to train the most important muscle in the human body.
Why we need to stop using animals in sports?

性别问题(Gender Issues)

The biggest challenges for women in the workplace.
Why should men suffer from others prejudices about masculinity?
Is legal prostitution a womans rights issue?
Why religious institutions believe they have a right for birth control?
What is the biggest challenge for female politicians?
Should abortion be legal?
Why we still consider its not okay for men to take maternity leave?
Who said that a real manand a real womanlook like this?

心理学(Psychology)

How emotional state depends on our past memories?
Should we believe in precognitive dreams?
Is mid-life crisis real?
Why just do itmantra doesnt work?
How culturally diverse classrooms help broaden our minds?
Why music can be the best medicine from stresses?
Thats how optimism can prevent us from self-growth.
Chocolate as a cure from depression: true or false?

动物(Animals)

Why stop dressing your pets like humans?
Is it ethical to keep exotic animals at home?
Should we prohibit using animals for entertainment?
Why keeping animals in zoos is inhumane?
What can be an alternative to using animals for medical studies?
Whats so special about pandas, so people consider them #1 species to protect?
Should be people who leave their pets outside or in shelters punished?
Why some fashion brands continue using fur and see nothing wrong with that?

健康(Health)

Whats wrong with the idea of free healthcare for everyone?
When its okay to perform medical experiments on people?
What can we do to cope with constantly increasing aging population?
Should the whole healthcare system become private?
Is it ethical to forcibly quarantine people who have terminal illnesses?
How the social and economic environment affect peoples health in the 21st century?
Can we call coffee or chocolate addictions a disease?
Is it okay to use medical knowledge that was gained from unethical experiments?

道德问题 (Ethics)

Should we legalize prostitution/drug use?
Is it okay to lie to someone to not hurt their feelings?
Is it right for a college to have racial quotas that benefit minorities?
Why far from all people agree to recognize homosexuality a norm?
Should a person be allowed a gun for defending his home from robbers?
Why its okay to eat cows while its wrong to eat cats?
Is it ethical for a doctor to say no to a patient unable to pay for surgery?
What was first, a chicken or an egg?

以上便是argumentative essay范文、议论文结构特点及写作技巧,希望大家可以有所借鉴和收获。无论同学选择哪种argumentative essay格式或你的议论文题目是什么, 议论文的目是通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非提出你个人主张。如果同学还没有完全弄清楚 argumentative essay怎么写或者有任何不明白之处,那么不妨借助论文代写机构的帮助。是一家专业且值得信赖的英国论文代写机构,我们专业代写团队立刻为你的要求安排合适的专家。我们保证100%原创,100%高分,100%准时argumentative essay或任何学术论文的写作!更多详细信息,欢迎咨询我们的24/7在线客服!